价格上限怎样改善消费者境况？在什么条件下它可能使消费者的处境变糟？How can a price ceiling make consumers better off？ Under what conditions might it make them worse off？

A.完全价格歧视

B.提高价格

C.降低价格

D.多做广告

A consumer，who is initially a lender，remains a lender even after a decline in interest rates.Is this consumer better of for worse off after the change in interest rates？If the consumer becomes a borrower after the change is he better of for worse off？

A.消费者价格喜好相同

B.消费者价格敏感度相同

C.消费者价格敏感度不同

D.消费者认为相同商品价值相同

A.消费者收入变化

B.消费者支出模式

C.消费者价值观念

D.消费者价格反应

E.消费与信贷

假定某商品市场上有100个消费者，其中，60个消费者购买该市场的商品，且每个消费者的需求的价格弹性均为3;另外40个消费者购买该市场的商品，且每个消费者的需求的价格弹性均为6。

求:按100个消费者合计的需求的价格弹性系数是多少？

(1)禁止在德国使用优惠券是改善了还是恶化了德国消费者的境况？

(2)禁止在德国使用优惠券是改善了还是恶化了德国生产者的境况？

In Example 11. 1 we saw how producers of processed foods and related consumer goods use coupons as a means of price discrimination. Although coupons are widely used in the United States, that is not the case in other countries. In Germany , coupons are illegal.

a Does prohibiting the use of coupons in Germany make German consumers better off or worse off？

b. Does prohibiting the use of coupons make German producers better off or worse off？

设某消费者的效用函数为柯布道格拉斯类型的，即U=x^ay^b,商品x和商品y的价格分别为P_x和P_y消费者的收入为M，a和β为常数，且a+β=1.

(1)求该消费者关于商品x和商品y的需求函数。

(2)证明当商品x和y的价格以及消费者的收入均以相同的比例变化时，消费者对两商品的需求量维持不变。

(3)证明消费者效用函数中的参数a和β分别为商品x和商品y的消费支出占消费者收入的份额。